tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25674083106190431192024-03-13T23:59:10.389-07:00ini nelaini nelahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00723342030089151463noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2567408310619043119.post-21122676592337013522009-06-23T20:46:00.000-07:002009-06-23T20:47:50.593-07:00next Primbon<div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);">There are 13 Topics on e.primbon smt.1 , such as :</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);"></span></strong> </div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ GREETING ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ ANNOUNCEMENT ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ SIMPLE PAST ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ SIMPLE PRESENT ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ ATTENTION ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ INVITATION ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ INSTRUCTION ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ EXPRESSING SYMPATHY ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ EXPRESSING HAPPINESS ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ RECOUNT TEXT ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ NARRATIVE TEXT ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 255); font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%;">^ PROCEDURE TEXT ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 255); font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%;">^ ATTENTION ^</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 255); font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 255, 153); font-family: Arial; font-size: 130%;">********************************************************</span></strong></div><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-family: arial; font-size: 130%;"></span></strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-family: arial;">Greeting</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Greeting is a way for human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) to intentionally communicate awareness of each other’s presence, to show attention , and to suggest a type of relation ship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.Greeting are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Subject : IVerb Form : Simple formExample : I Sing<br />Subject : YouV.Form : S.FormEx. : You Sing<br />Subject : WeV.Form : S.FormEx. : We Sing<br />Subject : TheyV.Form : S.FormEx. : They Sing<br />Subject : HeV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : He Sings<br />Subject : SheV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : She Sings<br />Subject : ItV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : It Sings</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">In the words, only</span> <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">THIRD PERSON SINGULAR</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"></span></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">subjects (he, she, it) have to have a verb</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">with –S.</span><br /><em><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Greeting are nice things to say when people meet each other. Greeting may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language :</span></em></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Hello, hi and hey. Good (morning, afternoon, evening). What’s up ?, yo, and what’s happening ? which are not formal. G’day, a greeting used a lot in Australia. How dy, an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States. How do you do, which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">There are also ways to greet without talking, such as :</span> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Hand shakes. Bowing. Waving. Hongi. Kowtow = menyembah / bersujud. Namaste. Roman salute = pemberian hormat. Hat – raising or tipping. Kissing on the hand or cheek</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Announcement</span><br /></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">You can hear announcement at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information, for example which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.<br />The announcement was so unclear that the tourist didn’t know if his planes was still at the airport or if it had already left. If you are bad at English, you will not understand announcements at an American Airport. We missed our train/plane because that.<br />· A formal public statement, the government made an announcement about changes in the drug war, a declaration of independence.· A public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Simple Past</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The simple past express an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one, after, another and in the middle of another action.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Form of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) S + Vi(-) S + to be + NOT + Vii(?) To be + S + Vi<br />(+) I Spoke(-) I didn’t spoke(?) Did I speak ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">For irregular verbs, use the past form. For regular verbs, just add ”ed”.Exceptions in spelling when adding “ed”.<br />Exceptions in spelling when adding (ed) :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">1.After a final e only add d[ love – loved ]<br />2.Final consonant after a short stresses vowel or I as final consonant after a vowel is doubled[ admint – admitted ][ travel – traveled ]<br />3. Finally after a consonant becomes (i)[ hurry – hurried ]</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Signal words of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Yesterday. 2 minute ago. in 1990. The other day. Last Friday </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Simple Past Form :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Verb + “ed” or irregular verbs</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You called Debbie.. You didn’t call Debbie.. Did you call Debbie ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Use of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Use 1 Completed Action in the past. Use 2 A series of Completed Actions. Use 3 Duration in past. Use 4 Habits in the past. Use 5 Past Facts or Generalizations</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Simple Present</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definition of Simple Present :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Actions that are reparted or habitual. States. Statements that are always TRUE.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Form :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Verb + s/es in third person</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Examples :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You speak English. You don’t speak English. Do you speak English ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The form of the “verb” is usually the same as the “base form”, but the third “person singular” add s/es. Some verbs change, like “to be”, which uses “am, is, are” and “ to have ”, where the third person is “has” the auxiliary verb “to do” is used in a negative structure or a question :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Do you like tea ?. Does she live nearby ?. I don’t like them.. She doesn’t go to the theater very often.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The third person returns to the base form when “does” or “doesn’t” are used.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Active / Passive ??</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Examples :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Once a week, Tom cleans the car. (active). Once a week, the car is clean by Tom. (passive)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Attention</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Attention is the cognitive process of selective concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.Example include listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversations in a room or listening to a cell phone conversation while driving a car.Attention is probably not just one thing, but a loose assortment of related phenomena.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example of Attention :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Save our forest !. Don’t consumption drug !. Drug damage our future.. Don’t kill our monkey !. Don’t burn our forest ! etc.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Invitation</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definitions of invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Invitation is the first full-length studio album from the finish power metal, band Altaria.. A request to participate or be present or take part in something, an invitation lunch, she threw the invitation away.. A tempting allurement, she was an invitation to trouble.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Purpose of Invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">To provide all interested parties with some indication of the process and criteria applioable to the awarding of Bingo licences. Also, it will provide interested parties with clear guide lines on the information required by the board to be include in an applicant’s application.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Format of Invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Section 1Provides general information regarding application procedures and the terms and conditions applicable to application.<br />. Section 2Provides the broad assement criteria to be applied by the board in awarding licences.<br />. Section 3Contains the lisence application form and application in instructions and provides particulars of the additional submission requirements, including proformas which must be completed.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Instructions</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definition of instruction :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Direction : a message describing how something is to be done.“he gave directions faster than she could follow them”.. Education : the activities of educating or instructing activities that impart knowledgeOr skill. “He received no formal education”.. Teaching : the professin of a teacher,“He prepared for teaching while still in college.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">There are types of instructions which a teacher needs in the young learnerclassroom :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Instructions between activities.. Instructions to organize an activity.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example of Instruction :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Close the door, please ! (+) . Don’t open your book ! (-). Turn on the AC, please ! (+) . Don’t speak much ! (-). Open the window, please ! (+) . Don’t make me angry ! (-). Clean the board, please ! (+) . Don’t eat my food ! (-). Sweep the floor, please ! (+) . Don’t touch my car ! (-)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Expressing Sympathy</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definitions of Expressing Sympathy:</span> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">> An inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion.> Sharing the fellings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish).> A relation of affinity or harmony between people,what ever affects one correspondingly affect the others.> Shympathy is a social affinity in which one person stands with another person,closely understanding her or his feelings.> Sympathy is a technical death metal band from London,Ontario formed in 1991.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">-> Sample Condolence LetterMarch 11,2008Dear Bob,I was depply saddened to hear the news about the death of your mother,and I would like to convey my deepest sympathy to you and your familyMary was greatly loved by us and we will always remember her wonderful hospitality and warm heart.I know difficult this must be for you .please let me know if I can help in any way.Maybe you’d like to send the kids to us for the weekend?<br />Love,David</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Expressing Happiness</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Happiness is an emotion.So is sadness, love, hate, revulsion, excitement, jealousy,contentment, depression, anxiety, fear, quilt and anger.All emotions of Happines is not caused simply by entertaining your whims.Happines is not merely a life lived by accumulating moments of pleasure.Happines is included within the quote at the top of this page.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Happines is what you feel when you’re <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">“NOT”</span>feeling... ...</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">*Self Doubt*Depressed*Hateful*Fearful*Worried*Unsatisfied*Bored*Grief*Shame*Guilt*Discontent*Anxious*Annoyed*Angry*Irritated*Stressed*Frustased*Upset*Down*Sad*Envious*Jelous</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Recount text</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Recount tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event (e.g a visit to a farm).<br />Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, where this event took place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order (e.g time).There may be a re-orientation at the end which summarises the event.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Writing Recounts :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">When writing recounts, you should :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Focus on individual people in use the words, I or we.· Use words which indicate when (e.g after lunch) and where the events took place (e.g the shed).· Write in the past tense (e.g had, visited)· Use action words (e.g helped, crutched).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Purpose of Recounts :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The purpose of recount is to retell events. The prefix re means again. So to recount is to state again.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Structure</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">There is often an opening or setting of a scene (e.g I went to the park).The events in a recount are often in the order that they happen :· I went to the park and I saw a pond. The pond had ducks sitting at the side of it.· A recount will often have a closing statement. (e.g I left the park and went home).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Language Features :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Recount are written in the first in the past tense.Thet can be written in the first or the third person.1st person it is happening to the person writing the recount i.e. I went to park.3rd person an observer is telling it. Tom went to the park, there he saw a pond.The connectives in a recount are often next, than, after that.Recounts focus on what an individual or a group of people were doing. </span></span></strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;">Narrative Text<br /></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Narrative tekt is a text that tells a story / description of events.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Purpose of Narrative text :</span></span></strong></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;">To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also bewritten to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions.<br />Types of Narrative are Imaginary and Factual or a combination of both.They may include Fairy Stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horrorstories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads,slice of life, and personal experience.<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Features :</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Characters with defined personalities / identities· Dialogue often include – tense may change to the present or the future· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Structure :</span>In a traditional narrative, the focus of the text is on a series of actions :<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Orientation :</span>In which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usuallyanswers who ? when ? where ?e.g Mr.Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark goomy night.</span></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Complication or a problem :</span>The complication usually involves the main character(s).(often mirroring the complications in real life).</span></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Resolution :</span>There needs to be a resolution of the complication.The complication may be resolved for better or worse / hapilly or unhappily.</span></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Re-orientation</span>The ending of story.</span></strong></span></span></span></p><strong></strong><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Evaluation</span>A stepping back to evaluatethe story or the moral message of the story.<br />The narrative text use the temporal conjuction . Example :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. once upon a time. after. before. when. Then, etc.</span>Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved.These add sustain interest and suspense for the reader.<br />To help students plan for writing of narratives , model, focusing on :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Plot : what is going to happen ?· Setting : where and when will the story take place ?· Characterisation : who are the main characters ? what do they look like ?· Structure : how will the story begin ? what will be the problem ? how is the problem going to be resolved ?· Theme : what is the theme / message the writer is attempting to communicate ?</span></span></strong></span></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Procedure Text</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Procedure help us do a task or make something. They can be set of instructions or directions (e.g step by step method to germinate seeds).The text below is an example of a procedure. The labels show the structure and language features of procedure text.</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">> Writing procedure <</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51); font-family: Arial;"></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">When writing procedures you should :</span>· Use present tense (e.g spray)· Include technical terms when you need to (e.g friable)· Use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task (e.g firmly).</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></span></strong></p><strong></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Appointment </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 255);">Appointment may refer to a number of things, including the following :</span><br /></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51); font-family: arial;"><strong>. An appointment in government also refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court.This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy. A person appointed but not yet in office is a designate.<br />. The power of appointment, in low, is the ability of a testator to select another person to dispose of the testator’s property.<br />. Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (election), or through random selection callotment / sortition as used to select juries.</strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51); font-family: Arial;"></span></strong><br /><br /><a href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/there-are-13-topics-on-e.html">bacca lbihh lgkapp nyaa nihh [!!]</a> <div class="post-footer"> <p class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"> <span class="post-author"> Diposkan oleh .. akuu allind .. </span> <span class="post-timestamp"> di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/there-are-13-topics-on-e.html" title="permanent link">04:41</a> </span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <a class="comment-link" href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/there-are-13-topics-on-e.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </span> <span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"> </span> <span class="post-icons"> <span class="item-control blog-admin pid-1901180578"> <a href="post-edit.g?blogID=8906303556118998787&postID=4986576042825257096" title="Edit Entri"> <span class="quick-edit-icon"> </span> </a> </span> </span> </p> <p class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-2"> <span class="post-labels"> </span> </p> </div> <h2 class="date-header">Minggu, 2009 Juni 14</h2> <div class="post uncustomized-post-template"> <a name="2347113450642837210"></a> <h3 class="post-title"> <a href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/eprimbonn-smt2.html">e.primbonn SMT.2</a> </h3> <div class="post-body"> <style>.fullpost{display:none;}</style> <div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">There are some Topics in e.primbon smt.2, such as :</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"></span></strong> </div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* GRATITUDE *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">*COMPLIMENT *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* CONGRATULATION *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* NARRATIVE TEXT *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* NEWS ITEM *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* ADVERTISEMENT *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* DIRECT, INDIRECT SPEECH *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* DESCRIPTIVE TEXT *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* SURPRISE OR DISBELIEF *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* FINITE VERB *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* NOUN PHRASE *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* MODALS PAST FORM *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">* PASSIVE VOICE *</span></strong></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><strong>======================================</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Gratitude</span></strong></div><strong><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><div align="left"><span style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Gratitude adalah mengucapkan terima kasih.<br />Contoh :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Thank You --> You’re welcome· Thank You very much --> It’s pleasure· Thank You for your attention --> Never mind</span></span><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Compliment</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Compliment adalah perkataan / ucapan yang bertujuan memuji orang lain.<br />Complimenting :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· What a good boy !· You look beauty· You look very nice· You look very cute· Excellent· Greet.. .</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><strong>Congratulation</strong></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><div align="left"><strong>Congratulation adalah mengucapkan selamat kepada orang lain yang sedang mengalami kegembiraan.</strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Congratulation :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Congratulations ! * Happy Birthday· Merry Christmas * Happy New Year</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Narrative Text</span><br />Narrative tekt is a text that tells a story / description of events.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Purpose of Narrative text :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also bewritten to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions.<br />Types of Narrative are Imaginary and Factual or a combination of both.They may include Fairy Stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horrorstories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads,slice of life, and personal experience.<br />Features :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Characters with defined personalities / identities· Dialogue often include – tense may change to the present or the future· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.</span><br />Structure :In a traditional narrative, the focus of the text is on a series of actions :<br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">* Orientation :</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>In which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usuallyanswers who ? when ? where ?e.g Mr.Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark goomy night.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">* Complication or a problem :</span></strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The complication usually involves the main character(s).(often mirroring the complications in real life).</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><strong>* Resolution :</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>There needs to be a resolution of the complication.The complication may be resolved for better or worse / hapilly or unhappily.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">* Re-orientation</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The ending of story.</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">* Evaluation</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">A stepping back to evaluatethe story or the moral message of the story.</span><br />The narrative text use the temporal conjuction . Example :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. once upon a time. after. before. when. Then, etc.</span><br />Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved.These add sustain interest and suspense for the reader.<br />To help students plan for writing of narratives , model, focusing on :· Plot : what is going to happen ?· Setting : where and when will the story take place ?· Characterisation : who are the main characters ? what do they look like ?· Structure : how will the story begin ? what will be the problem ? how the problem going to be resolved ?· Theme : what is the theme / message the writer is attempting to communicate ?<br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">News Item</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>A News Item text is a factual text which informs readers of daily newspaper about events of the day which are resanded as news worthy or important.<br />News item is to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considened news worthy or important.The news item begins with news worthy events, then background events and sources.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The structure of the text consist oh three parts :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">1. News worthy events : recount the events in summary form.2. Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom and in what circumstances.3. Sources : comments by participants in winesses to and authorities expert on the events.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Advertisement</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it willattract them to the service and the things that are offered or informed.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The function of advertisement are :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Promotion. Communication. Information</span><br />In making an advertisement, keep the following points :<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">A. Language of advertisement</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>* Using the correct or suitable words* Using the interesting and suggestive expressions* Using the positive expressions* Text of advertisement should be directed to the goal </strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong></strong></span></div><strong></strong></span><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">B. Content of advertisement</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">* Objective and honest* Brief and clear* Not allude group or other producer</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Kinds of advertisement :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Family advertisement. Invitation advertisement. News advertisement</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"></span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Direct , Indirect speech</span></strong></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">> Direct speech</span> : Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words we usequatation marks.(“...”)</strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">> Indirect speech</span> : Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words notall the exact words are used. Verb forms and pronoun maychange. We don’t use quatation marks.(“...”)<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Example of Direct Speech :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Agnes said,” I’m very tired today”.. Lola said,”I will give you a gift”.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Example of Indirect Speech :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Agnes said that she was tired.. Lola said that she will give me a gift.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Direct Speech :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Now . ...ago. Today . Yesterday. Tomorrow . The day before. Next... . Here. Last... . This</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Indirect Speech :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Then .Those. That day . ...before. There . The day before.... That . The day after... </span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Descriptive text</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Descriptive text is a piece of writing or speech that says what someone or something is like.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Structure of text :</span></strong></div><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Definition or classification : person, thing or place than desribed.. Description : pictures the characteristic of the person, the thing or place that’stalked about.</span><br />Usually, description uses the simple present tense but something it uses the simplepresent tense when the person, thing or place that talked about no longer exist.<br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Simple Present Tense</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"></span>Simple Present Tense adalah kejadian pada saat ini juga / sekarang (baru-baruterjadi).</strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Form of Simple Present Tense :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">a. Verbal sentence</span>Patterns :</strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>(+) S + Vi (s/es) + O(-) S + Do/Does + NOT + Vi + O(?) Do/Does + S + Vi + O [?]</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>Examples :</strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>(+) Lia does her homework.(-) Lia does not do her homework.(?) Does Lia do her homework ?</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">b. Nominal sentence/ non verbal sentence</span>Patterns :</strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) S + to be (am, is, are) + Vi(-) S + to be (am, is, are) + NOT + Vi(?) to be (am, is, are) + S + Vi [?]</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Examples :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) He is play football(-) He is not play football(?) is He play football ?</span><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Surprise and Disbelief</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Surprise is expressions about something and it make someone shocked and happy.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">To express Surprise, we can use :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. What a surprise ! . Fancy that.. That a surprise ! . Oh my God. Guess what ! . Do you know that ?. You won’t believe it ! . I’ve got news for you.. It was Great ! . I must say ... surprise me.</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><strong>Respond to believe or not :</strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>. You don’t say.. Good heavens.. My Goodness !. Seeing is believing. Oh, no that’s not true. This is really a surprise !. Really? That sounds interesting.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>Example of surprise in the dialogue :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">A : How was your holiday /B : It was great! We went to the beach.A : That is really a surprise.</span><br />Disbelief is expressions can find at every person about something.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">To express disbelief, we can use :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Really ?. What ?. Are you Serious ?. You are kidding!. I find that hard to believe.. No, I don’t believe it.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Respond to believe or not :</span></strong></div><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"></span><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You don’t say.. Are you joking ?. Are you serious ?. Are you kidding ?. You must be joking ?. Oh no, that’s not true.</span><br />Expressions of disbelief in the dialogue :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">A : Do you believe that a letter can reach your hand in 45 years ?B : You must be joking ?</span><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Finite Verb</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to therules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can formindependent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.<br />The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verbs shows tense, person orsingular plural.Non finite verb forms haven’t person , tense or number.I go, she goes, he went – These verb forms are finite.To go, going, gone – These verb forms are non – finite.In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite.These include :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>Ø The indicated mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g “The bulldozer demolished the</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">restaurant,” “The leaves were yellow and stiff.”Ø The imperative mood (giving a command).Ø The subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Verb forms that are not finite include :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>Ø The infinitiveØ Participles (e.g “The broken window...”, “The wheezing gentlemen...”)Ø Gerunds</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>In linguistics, a non finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are markedinflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender and person.As a result, a non finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.<br />Example :One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.<br />Ket. Huruf miring merupakan<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"> finite verb</span>Garis bawah merupakan </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">non-finite verb</span><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Noun Phrase</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Phrase is a group words that taked steps as a simple part of a speech. Phrase canstand by it self as a sentence.Noun phrase is a noun is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun. Noun phrasenormally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified.Noun phrase may serve as subjects or object of preposition. Most noun phrase areconstructed using determiners, adjectives and head noun.<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Kind of noun phrase are :</span></strong></div><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">1. A common noun </span>: <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">names a person, place, thing, or idea. (example boy, city, flag, girl,</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>pen, etc).</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">2. Proper noun</span> : <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">are similar to common noun, but proper nouns with a capital letter.</span></strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(example The beat went down in the Missisippi River. The planetake off in the Soekarno Hatta Airport).</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">3. Personal Pronoun</span> :</strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"> - First person- Second person- Third person</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">4. Idenfinite Pronouns</span> : <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">idenfinite refers to something that not specific. (example</span> </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">one, any, each, some, all, none, nothing, anyone,something,somebody, etc.).</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">A. Noun phrase as a subject, example :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>.My father’s car is new..The blue car in the garage is mine..Some of the mangoes were rotten. etc.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">B. Noun phrase an object, example :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">.He belongs to the Cleveland Browns..He joined the American Region..She has broken two of my best glasses.</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">C. Noun phrase as an object of preposition, example :</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>.He puts his own life in danger for the sake of his son..He climbed up the palm tree by means of a rope ladder..A big dog stand in front of the main gate.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"><strong>Form of Noun Phrase :</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>1.Noun + Noun<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Book store, Pencil case.</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>2.Adj. + Noun</strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>Beautiful girl</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>3.Gerund + Noun</strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>Swimming pool</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>4.Determiner + Noun<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The world, a uniform</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>5.Pronoun + Noun</strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>Her hair</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong>6.Verb + Noun<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Rest room</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>7. Noun + Past-Modifier<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">e.g = The glass on the table</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The glass : Noun</span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>On the table : Post Modifier</strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">e.g = The boy in the storeThe boy : NounIn the store : Post modifier</span><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Modals The past Form</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong></strong></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Will</span> > </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Would</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Can</span> > </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Could</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">May</span> > </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Might</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Should</span> > </strong><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Should</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Must (have to)</span> ><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"> Head to</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>We use this expression:</strong></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>*To offer suggestions or possibilities.*To indicate the ability existed.*To express polite request.</strong></span></div></span><div align="left"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong></strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Simple Future Tense</span> </strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Simple Future Tense has two different forms in English “will” and “be going to”. Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will bwcome clear. Both “will” and “be going to” refer to a specific time in the future.</strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Form “Will”</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Will + Verb</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>Examples :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) S + will + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)(-) S + will + NOT + Vi + O/C(?) Will + S + Vi + O/C [?]<br />(+) You will help him later(-) You will not help him later(?) Will you help him later ?</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Form “Be Going To”<br />Am/is/are + going to + verb</span></strong></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong>Examples :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) S + to be + going to + Vi + O/C (kal.pelengkap)(-) S + to be + NOT + going to + Vi + O/C(?) To be + S + going to + Vi + O/C [?]<br />(+) You are going to meet Jane tonight(-) You are not going to meet Jane tonight(?) Are you going to meet Jane tonight ?</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 153);">IMPORTANT !!</span><br />In the simple future tense, it is not always clear which use the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence’s meaning.<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Adverb Placement</span></strong></div><div align="left"><strong>The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as, always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.<br />Examples :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You will never help him.. Will you ever help him ?. You are never going to meet Jane.. Are you ever going to meet Jane ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Active / Passive</span><br />Examples :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. John will finish the work by 5.00 p.m. (active). The work will be finished by 5.00 p.m. (passive). Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. (active). A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. (passive)</span><br /><span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Passive Voice</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Use of Passive voice</span>Passive Voice is used when the focus in on the action. It is not known, however, who or what is performing the action.<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Example : My bike was stolen.</span><br />In the example above, the focus on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.<br />Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone (e.g You have made a mistake).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Form of Passive</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">S + Finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd coloumn of irregular verbs)<br />Example : A letter was written.</span><br />When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following :The object of the active sentence becomes the subjects of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped).</strong></div> <a href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/eprimbonn-smt2.html">bacca lbihh lgkapp nyaa nihh [!!]</a> </span></strong></div> <div class="post-footer"> <p class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"> <span class="post-author"> <strong>Diposkan oleh .. akuu allind .. </strong></span> <span class="post-timestamp"> <strong>di <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/eprimbonn-smt2.html" title="permanent link">07:29</a> </strong></span> <span class="post-comment-link"> <strong><a class="comment-link" href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/eprimbonn-smt2.html#comments" onclick="">0 komentar</a> </strong></span> <span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"> </span> <span class="post-icons"> <span class="item-control blog-admin pid-1901180578"> <strong><a href="post-edit.g?blogID=8906303556118998787&postID=2347113450642837210" title="Edit Entri"> <span class="quick-edit-icon"> </span> </a> </strong></span> </span> </p> <p class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-2"> <span class="post-labels"> </span> </p> </div> </div> <strong><a name="7281478476646456061"></a> </strong><h3 class="post-title"> <strong><a href="http://anlenedydy.blogspot.com/2009/06/eprimboon-smt1.html">e.primboon SMT.1</a> </strong></h3> <div class="post-body"><style>.fullpost{display:none;}</style> <div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);">There are 13 Topics on e.primbon smt.1 , such as :</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);"></span></strong> </strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%;"></span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ GREETING ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ ANNOUNCEMENT ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ SIMPLE PAST ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ SIMPLE PRESENT ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ ATTENTION ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ INVITATION ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ INSTRUCTION ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ EXPRESSING SYMPATHY ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ EXPRESSING HAPPINESS ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ RECOUNT TEXT ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ NARRATIVE TEXT ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ PROCEDURE TEXT ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">^ ATTENTION ^</span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(153, 255, 255);"></span></strong></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(102, 255, 153);">********************************************************</span></strong></strong></div><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Greeting</span></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Greeting is a way for human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) to intentionally communicate awareness of each other’s presence, to show attention , and to suggest a type of relation ship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.Greeting are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);"></span></span></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Subject : IVerb Form : Simple formExample : I Sing<br />Subject : YouV.Form : S.FormEx. : You Sing<br />Subject : WeV.Form : S.FormEx. : We Sing<br />Subject : TheyV.Form : S.FormEx. : They Sing<br />Subject : HeV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : He Sings<br />Subject : SheV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : She Sings<br />Subject : ItV.Form : S.Form + SEx. : It Sings</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">In the words, only</span> <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">THIRD PERSON SINGULAR</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"></span></span></span></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">subjects (he, she, it) have to have a verb</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">with –S.</span><br /><em><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Greeting are nice things to say when people meet each other. Greeting may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language :</span></em></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Hello, hi and hey. Good (morning, afternoon, evening). What’s up ?, yo, and what’s happening ? which are not formal. G’day, a greeting used a lot in Australia. How dy, an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States. How do you do, which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">There are also ways to greet without talking, such as :</span> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Hand shakes. Bowing. Waving. Hongi. Kowtow = menyembah / bersujud. Namaste. Roman salute = pemberian hormat. Hat – raising or tipping. Kissing on the hand or cheek</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Announcement</span><br /></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">You can hear announcement at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information, for example which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.<br />The announcement was so unclear that the tourist didn’t know if his planes was still at the airport or if it had already left. If you are bad at English, you will not understand announcements at an American Airport. We missed our train/plane because that.<br />· A formal public statement, the government made an announcement about changes in the drug war, a declaration of independence.· A public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Simple Past</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The simple past express an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one, after, another and in the middle of another action.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Form of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">(+) S + Vi(-) S + to be + NOT + Vii(?) To be + S + Vi<br />(+) I Spoke(-) I didn’t spoke(?) Did I speak ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">For irregular verbs, use the past form. For regular verbs, just add ”ed”.Exceptions in spelling when adding “ed”.<br />Exceptions in spelling when adding (ed) :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">1.After a final e only add d[ love – loved ]<br />2.Final consonant after a short stresses vowel or I as final consonant after a vowel is doubled[ admint – admitted ][ travel – traveled ]<br />3. Finally after a consonant becomes (i)[ hurry – hurried ]</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Signal words of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Yesterday. 2 minute ago. in 1990. The other day. Last Friday </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Simple Past Form :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Verb + “ed” or irregular verbs</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You called Debbie.. You didn’t call Debbie.. Did you call Debbie ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Use of Simple Past :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Use 1 Completed Action in the past. Use 2 A series of Completed Actions. Use 3 Duration in past. Use 4 Habits in the past. Use 5 Past Facts or Generalizations</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Simple Present</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definition of Simple Present :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Actions that are reparted or habitual. States. Statements that are always TRUE.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Form :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Verb + s/es in third person</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Examples :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. You speak English. You don’t speak English. Do you speak English ?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The form of the “verb” is usually the same as the “base form”, but the third “person singular” add s/es. Some verbs change, like “to be”, which uses “am, is, are” and “ to have ”, where the third person is “has” the auxiliary verb “to do” is used in a negative structure or a question :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Do you like tea ?. Does she live nearby ?. I don’t like them.. She doesn’t go to the theater very often.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">The third person returns to the base form when “does” or “doesn’t” are used.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Active / Passive ??</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Examples :</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Once a week, Tom cleans the car. (active). Once a week, the car is clean by Tom. (passive)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Attention</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Attention is the cognitive process of selective concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.Example include listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversations in a room or listening to a cell phone conversation while driving a car.Attention is probably not just one thing, but a loose assortment of related phenomena.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example of Attention :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Save our forest !. Don’t consumption drug !. Drug damage our future.. Don’t kill our monkey !. Don’t burn our forest ! etc.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Invitation</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definitions of invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Invitation is the first full-length studio album from the finish power metal, band Altaria.. A request to participate or be present or take part in something, an invitation lunch, she threw the invitation away.. A tempting allurement, she was an invitation to trouble.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Purpose of Invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">To provide all interested parties with some indication of the process and criteria applioable to the awarding of Bingo licences. Also, it will provide interested parties with clear guide lines on the information required by the board to be include in an applicant’s application.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Format of Invitation :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Section 1Provides general information regarding application procedures and the terms and conditions applicable to application.<br />. Section 2Provides the broad assement criteria to be applied by the board in awarding licences.<br />. Section 3Contains the lisence application form and application in instructions and provides particulars of the additional submission requirements, including proformas which must be completed.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Instructions</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definition of instruction :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Direction : a message describing how something is to be done.“he gave directions faster than she could follow them”.. Education : the activities of educating or instructing activities that impart knowledgeOr skill. “He received no formal education”.. Teaching : the professin of a teacher,“He prepared for teaching while still in college.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">There are types of instructions which a teacher needs in the young learnerclassroom :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Instructions between activities.. Instructions to organize an activity.</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Example of Instruction :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. Close the door, please ! (+) . Don’t open your book ! (-). Turn on the AC, please ! (+) . Don’t speak much ! (-). Open the window, please ! (+) . Don’t make me angry ! (-). Clean the board, please ! (+) . Don’t eat my food ! (-). Sweep the floor, please ! (+) . Don’t touch my car ! (-)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Expressing Sympathy</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Definitions of Expressing Sympathy:</span> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">> An inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion.> Sharing the fellings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish).> A relation of affinity or harmony between people,what ever affects one correspondingly affect the others.> Shympathy is a social affinity in which one person stands with another person,closely understanding her or his feelings.> Sympathy is a technical death metal band from London,Ontario formed in 1991.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">-> Sample Condolence LetterMarch 11,2008Dear Bob,I was depply saddened to hear the news about the death of your mother,and I would like to convey my deepest sympathy to you and your familyMary was greatly loved by us and we will always remember her wonderful hospitality and warm heart.I know difficult this must be for you .please let me know if I can help in any way.Maybe you’d like to send the kids to us for the weekend?<br />Love,David</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Expressing Happiness</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Happiness is an emotion.So is sadness, love, hate, revulsion, excitement, jealousy,contentment, depression, anxiety, fear, quilt and anger.All emotions of Happines is not caused simply by entertaining your whims.Happines is not merely a life lived by accumulating moments of pleasure.Happines is included within the quote at the top of this page.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Happines is what you feel when you’re <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">“NOT”</span>feeling... ...</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">*Self Doubt*Depressed*Hateful*Fearful*Worried*Unsatisfied*Bored*Grief*Shame*Guilt*Discontent*Anxious*Annoyed*Angry*Irritated*Stressed*Frustased*Upset*Down*Sad*Envious*Jelous</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Recount text</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Recount tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event (e.g a visit to a farm).<br />Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, where this event took place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order (e.g time).There may be a re-orientation at the end which summarises the event.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Writing Recounts :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">When writing recounts, you should :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Focus on individual people in use the words, I or we.· Use words which indicate when (e.g after lunch) and where the events took place (e.g the shed).· Write in the past tense (e.g had, visited)· Use action words (e.g helped, crutched).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Purpose of Recounts :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">The purpose of recount is to retell events. The prefix re means again. So to recount is to state again.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Structure</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">There is often an opening or setting of a scene (e.g I went to the park).The events in a recount are often in the order that they happen :· I went to the park and I saw a pond. The pond had ducks sitting at the side of it.· A recount will often have a closing statement. (e.g I left the park and went home).</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Language Features :</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Recount are written in the first in the past tense.Thet can be written in the first or the third person.1st person it is happening to the person writing the recount i.e. I went to park.3rd person an observer is telling it. Tom went to the park, there he saw a pond.The connectives in a recount are often next, than, after that.Recounts focus on what an individual or a group of people were doing. </span></span></strong></strong></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;">Narrative Text<br /></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Narrative tekt is a text that tells a story / description of events.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Purpose of Narrative text :</span></span></strong></span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;">To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narratives can also bewritten to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions.<br />Types of Narrative are Imaginary and Factual or a combination of both.They may include Fairy Stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horrorstories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads,slice of life, and personal experience.<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Features :</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Characters with defined personalities / identities· Dialogue often include – tense may change to the present or the future· Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">Structure :</span>In a traditional narrative, the focus of the text is on a series of actions :<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Orientation :</span>In which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usuallyanswers who ? when ? where ?e.g Mr.Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark goomy night.</span></strong></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Complication or a problem :</span>The complication usually involves the main character(s).(often mirroring the complications in real life).</span></strong></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Resolution :</span>There needs to be a resolution of the complication.The complication may be resolved for better or worse / hapilly or unhappily.</span></strong></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Re-orientation</span>The ending of story.</span></strong></strong></span></span></span></p><strong><strong></strong></strong><p><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"><strong><strong><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">* Evaluation</span>A stepping back to evaluatethe story or the moral message of the story.<br />The narrative text use the temporal conjuction . Example :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">. once upon a time. after. before. when. Then, etc.</span>Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved.These add sustain interest and suspense for the reader.<br />To help students plan for writing of narratives , model, focusing on :<span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">· Plot : what is going to happen ?· Setting : where and when will the story take place ?· Characterisation : who are the main characters ? what do they look like ?· Structure : how will the story begin ? what will be the problem ? how is the problem going to be resolved ?· Theme : what is the theme / message the writer is attempting to communicate ?</span></span></strong></strong></span></span></span></p><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Procedure Text</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Procedure help us do a task or make something. They can be set of instructions or directions (e.g step by step method to germinate seeds).The text below is an example of a procedure. The labels show the structure and language features of procedure text.</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 255);">> Writing procedure <</span></span></strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">When writing procedures you should :</span>· Use present tense (e.g spray)· Include technical terms when you need to (e.g friable)· Use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task (e.g firmly).</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></span></strong></strong></p><strong><strong></strong><strong><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Appointment </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 255);">Appointment may refer to a number of things, including the following :</span><br /></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><strong>. An appointment in government also refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court.This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy. A person appointed but not yet in office is a designate.<br />. The power of appointment, in low, is the ability of a testator to select another person to dispose of the testator’s property.<br />. Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (election), or through random selection callotment / sortition as used to select juries.</strong></span><strong><span style="font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"></span></strong> </strong></div>ini nelahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00723342030089151463noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2567408310619043119.post-25896562137295927702009-06-21T05:14:00.000-07:002009-06-21T05:18:48.171-07:00:(<span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span>nilai ulangan ku begitu jeelekkk :( huftini nelahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00723342030089151463noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2567408310619043119.post-50229722547869049432009-06-04T05:48:00.000-07:002009-06-05T02:48:56.472-07:00PRIMBONKU<p><b><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;">SIMPLE PAST</span></span><br /></b></p><p><b>Simple past</b> is formed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_verb" title="Regular verb">regular verbs</a> by adding <i>–ed</i> to the root of a word. Example: <i>He walked to the store</i>. A negation is produced by adding <i>did not</i> and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: <i>He did not walk to the store</i>. Question sentences are started with <i>did</i> as in <i>Did he walk to the store?</i></p> <p>Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.</p> <p><b>Past progressive</b> is formed by using the adequate form of <i>to be</i> and the verb’s present participle: <i>He was going to church</i>. By inserting <i>not</i> before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: <i>He was not going to church</i>. A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of <i>to be</i> as in <i>Was he going?</i>.</p> <p>Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: <i>We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started.</i> Use is similar to other languages' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tense" title="Imperfect tense">imperfect tense</a>.</p> <p><b>Present perfect simple</b> is formed by combining <i>have/has</i> with the main verb’s past participle form: <i>I have arrived</i>. A negation is produced by inserting <i>not</i> after <i>have/has</i>: <i>I have not arrived</i>. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with <i>have/has</i>: <i>Has she arrived?</i></p> <p>Present perfect simple is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: <i>He has arrived. Now he is here</i>. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.</p> <p><b>Present perfect progressive</b> is formed by prefixing have/has before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particle</a> <i>been</i> and the verb’s present participle form: <i>We have been waiting</i>. A negation is expressed by including <i>not</i> between <i>have/has</i> and <i>been</i>: <i>They have not been eating</i>. As with present perfect simple, for forming a question, <i>have/has</i> is put at the beginning of a sentence: <i>Have they been eating?</i></p> <p>Present perfect progressive is used for describing an event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. It also puts emphasis on how an event has occurred. Very often <i>since</i> and <i>for</i> mark the use of present perfect progressive: <i>I have been waiting for five hours / I have been waiting since three o’clock.</i></p> <p>Furthermore, there is another version of past tense possible: past perfect, similar to other languages' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect_tense" title="Pluperfect tense">pluperfect tense</a>.</p> <p><b>Past perfect simple</b> is formed by combining the simple past form of <i>to have</i> with the past participle form of the main verb: <i>We had shouted</i>. A negation is achieved by including <i>not</i> after <i>had</i>: <i>You had not spoken</i>. Questions in past perfect always start with <i>had: Had he laughed?</i></p> <p>Past perfect simple is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: <i>After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto.</i></p> <p><b>Past perfect progressive</b> is formed by <i>had</i>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particle</a> <i>been</i> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_participle" title="Present participle" class="mw-redirect">present participle</a> of the main verb: <i>You had been waiting</i>. For negation, <i>not</i> is included before <i>been</i>: <i>I had not been waiting</i>. A question sentence is formed by starting with <i>had</i>: <i>Had she been waiting?</i></p> <p>If emphasis is put on the duration of a concluded action of the past, <i>since</i> and <i>for</i> are signal words for past perfect progressive: <i>We had been waiting at the airport since the 9 P.M. flight. / They had been waiting for three hours now.</i></p><p>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past tense<br /></p><p style="font-weight: bold;"><i>PROCEDURE TEXT</i></p><p>A <b>procedure</b> is a specified series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action" title="Action">actions</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act" title="Act">acts</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation" title="Operation">operations</a> which have to be executed in the same manner in order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for example, emergency procedures). Less precisely speaking, this word can indicate a <i>sequence</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity" title="Activity">activities</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task" title="Task">tasks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step">steps</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision" title="Decision">decisions</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculations</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28science%29" title="Process (science)">processes</a>, that when undertaken in the sequence laid down produces the described result, product or outcome. A procedure usually induces a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change" title="Change">change</a>.It is in the scientific methood.</p> <p><b>Procedure</b> may also refer to:</p> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a>, in mathematics and computing, a set of operations or calculations that accomplish some goal</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction" title="Instruction">Instructions</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a>, a set of commands that show how to prepare or make something</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_procedure" title="Legal procedure" class="mw-redirect">Legal procedure</a>, in law, the within a larger program</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgical procedure</a>, in medicine, treating diseases through an operation; see also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surgical_procedures" title="List of surgical procedures">List of surgical procedures</a></li></ul>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">NOUN PHRASE<br /><br /></span><p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a <b>noun phrase</b> (abbreviated <b>NP</b>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%28linguistics%29" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Noun phrases are very common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">cross-linguistically</a>, but some languages like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a> have been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from March 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a></i>]</sup> to lack this category.</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Form</span></h2> <p>Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:</p> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> (<i>the</i>, <i>a</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstratives" title="Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect">demonstratives</a> (<i>this</i>, <i>that</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerals" title="Numerals" class="mw-redirect">numerals</a> (<i>two</i>, <i>five</i>, etc.), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective" title="Possessive adjective">possessives</a> (<i>my</i>, <i>their</i>, etc.), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifiers" title="Quantifiers" class="mw-redirect">quantifiers</a> (<i>some</i>, <i>many</i>, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> (<i>the <b>red</b> ball</i>); or</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29" title="Complement (linguistics)">complements</a>, in the form of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" title="Prepositional phrase" class="mw-redirect">prepositional phrase</a> (such as: <i>the student <b>of physics</b></i>), or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That-clause" title="That-clause" class="mw-redirect">That-clause</a> (<i>the claim <b>that the earth is round</b></i>);</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifiers" title="Modifiers" class="mw-redirect">modifiers</a>; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (<i>the <b>university</b> student</i>) or adjectives (<i>the <b>beautiful</b> lady</i>), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" title="Prepositional phrase" class="mw-redirect">prepositional phrase</a> (<i>the man <b>with long hair</b></i>) or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> (<i>the house <b>where I live</b></i>). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.</li></ul> <p>Noun phrases can make use of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appositive" title="Appositive" class="mw-redirect">apposition</a> structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is <i><b>I, Caesar,</b> declare ...,</i> where "Caesar" and "I" do not modify each other.</p> <p>The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bold and the Beautiful">The Bold and the Beautiful</a></i>" or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>'s "<i>rob from <b>the rich</b> and give to <b>the poor</b></i>"; an implied noun phrase is most commonly used as a generic plural referring to human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns — for instance, pronouns (<i><b>They</b> came</i>) or determiners ((<i>I'll take <b>these</b></i>)) — has given rise to the postulation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP_hypothesis" title="DP hypothesis" class="mw-redirect">determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase</a>. The English language is not as permissive as some other languages, with regard to possible heads of noun phrases. German, for instance, allows adjectives as heads of noun phrases<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, as in <i>Gib mir die alten</i> for <i>Give me the olds</i> (i.e. old ones).</p><p>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure</p>The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).<br /><br />In English, there are two distinct types of past tense:<br />Preterite (or simple past)<br />Present perfect (see perfect aspect)<br /><br />Each of these may also be found in the progressive (continuous) aspect.<br />Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?<br /><br />Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.<br /><br />Past progressive is formed by using the adequate form of to be and the verb’s present participle: He was going to church. By inserting not before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: He was not going to church. A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of to be as in Was he going?.<br /><br />Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started. Use is similar to other languages' imperfect tense.<br /><br />Present perfect simple is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form: I have arrived. A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has: I have not arrived. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has: Has she arrived?<br /><br />Present perfect simple is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.<br /><br />Present perfect progressive is formed by prefixing have/has before the grammatical particle been and the verb’s present participle form: We have been waiting. A negation is expressed by including not between have/has and been: They have not been eating. As with present perfect simple, for forming a question, have/has is put at the beginning of a sentence: Have they been eating?<br /><br />Present perfect progressive is used for describing an event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. It also puts emphasis on how an event has occurred. Very often since and for mark the use of present perfect progressive: I have been waiting for five hours / I have been waiting since three o’clock.<br /><br />Furthermore, there is another version of past tense possible: past perfect, similar to other languages' pluperfect tense.<br /><br />Past perfect simple is formed by combining the simple past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb: We had shouted. A negation is achieved by including not after had: You had not spoken. Questions in past perfect always start with had: Had he laughed?<br /><br />Past perfect simple is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto.<br /><br />Past perfect progressive is formed by had, the grammatical particle been and the present participle of the main verb: You had been waiting. For negation, not is included before been: I had not been waiting. A question sentence is formed by starting with had: Had she been waiting?<br /><br />If emphasis is put on the duration of a concluded action of the past, since and for are signal words for past perfect progressive: We had been waiting at the airport since the 9 P.M. flight. / They had been waiting for three hours now.<br /><br />http://tonysyns.blogspot.com/2009/06/primbon.html<br /><br /><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">finite verb</span><br /><br />A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.<br /><br />The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.<br /><br />I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.<br /><br />To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.<br /><br />In most Indo-European languages, every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).<br /><br />In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:<br />the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."<br />the imperative mood (giving a command).<br />the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).<br /><br /></p>Verb forms that are not finite include:<br />the infinitive<br />participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")<br />gerunds and gerundives<br /><br /><p>http://yanaspsychosocial.blogspot.com/</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gratitude, thankfulness, or appreciation</span><br /><br />Gratitude, thankfulness, or appreciation is a positive emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. The experience of gratitude has historically been a focus of several world religions, and has been considered extensively by moral philosophers such as Adam Smith.The systematic study of gratitude within psychology only began around the year 2000, possibly because psychology has traditionally been focused more on understanding distress rather than understanding positive emotions. However, with the advent of the positive psychology movement, gratitude has become a mainstream focus of psychological research. [4] The study of gratitude within psychology has focused on the understanding of the short term experience of the emotion of gratitude (state gratitude), individual differences in how frequently people feel gratitude (trait gratitude), and the relationship between these two aspects.[5][6]</p><p>http://yanaspsychosocial.blogspot.com/</p><span style="font-weight: bold;">finite verb</span><br /><br />A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.<br /><br />The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.<br /><br />I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.<br /><br />To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.<br /><br />In most Indo-European languages, every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).<br /><br />In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:<br />the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."<br />the imperative mood (giving a command).<br />the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).<br /><br />Verb forms that are not finite include:<br />the infinitive<br />participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")<br />gerunds and gerundives<br /><br />http://tonysyns.blogspot.com/2009/06/primbon.html#commentsini nelahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00723342030089151463noreply@blogger.com0